Induction meter



rreat. n a n n v' l rlhearniature in induction meters is actu of A i enter. 1S, QS.

` messia nii-reo stares :Parnu rf OFFICE.

ALBERT oALLsniv, or NUREiviBiiiie, GERMAN-Y, Assis-Non fro wnsrnveriousn ELEC- TRQ t MLNUFACTURING COMPANY, A COBJECXVRL'l"i'ONy PENNSYLVANIA.

INDUCTION METER.. Y

Application ledvMay'iZO, '1926, Serial No. 110,346, and nvGeifmany 'May 22, 1925.

My invention relates -to alternating-current induction meters and it has for an 'obf ject to provide a voltage magnet in such a meter having 'means associated therewith i'or. adjust-ing the phase displacement oi .the voltage ilu'X, even at low frequencies, without vmaking its energy requirements too ated by the cooperation oit a flux .tromfa voltage magnet energized inaccordance with tne lineY voltage, and by a 'tluxirom a current magnet energized in accordance with the load current. Such driving magnetic fields et the two magnets should have` a. predetermined phase displacement with respect to each other, inorder that theA meter might 'measure thel various loads properly. YVhen such a meter is used for measuring the electrieal power of a circuit, there must bev a phase displacement of `substantially 900 between the voltage magnetic held and the line voltage, and when themeter is to be used for measuring the reactive energy, there must f bea phase 'displacementoi '18004, or 0, under the assumption that-the lield produced by the current is in phasetherewith. Heretotore it has been di'liicult-,to-produce a displacement 'oi 900 at thelovver irequencies, and it is dii'licult to produce a displacement ci? OO or of 180O at the normal frequencies.

ln practicing my invention, I provide i a volt-age core for themeter with divisions such that the magnetic'circuit is divided'inn to two parallel paths, provided with air gaps, the fluxes of ther saidpaths being coupled with each lother by means et one or more short-circuited windings. To' conform with the requirements or"r my inven tion such a winding may be mounted either on -a-n lundivided part of the magneticvcircuit, or in the Yforni of two seriesconnected partial windings on divisions of the magnetic circuit, or both forms of windings-may be used in the saine magnet. One 0i' the Adivisions oi' the magnet carries Vthe voltage winding, and the other receives .in its air gap the disc armature. Y

The main' voltage' winding induces av cur rent in each oi the shortcircuitedwindings, which maybe reduced by a resistor constituted by the resistance of the winding itself, or by an auxiliary resistor connected in the circuit at any place. This permits of varying the phase as well as the magnitudevof made greater than 180o.

theiiux` oi the voltage magnet. yIn vorderv .l other. part, suchauxiliary winding having either more or less turns than the exciter winding.

cordance with my invention within a rangev that is creat-er than 90, either by varying thel rcsistances, or by varying the number of turns o't either the short-circuited windings, or of the auxiliary winding. By reversing the auxiliary winding,v the range mayY 4be Thesaid 180o can be obtained easily by reversing the main voltage winding.

Heretoiore, devices associated with ythe voltage magnets permitted avariation in the phase angle between the exciter voltage and the voltage lux within a relatively limf ited range only. Even the use of heavy copper shuntson, the parts of the magnetiecircuit does not make it possible to increase the range', aside from the tact that their energy vloss sometimes becomes very large. It

would becomel necessary to use a displacement between the currentand the flux Vgenerated thereby, to obtain the' desired adjustment.V

The following is a description-of my invention, together vwith the apparatus with which' Y w 65 y Thev phase angle between the line voltage and the voltage flux may be adjusted in ac* c itmay be practiced, reference being .had to y the accompanying drawings, in which: Y 1 is a diagrammatic view of an elec* tromagnet' embodying my invention, Figs. V2 and 4 are similar views of modifi.- cations,y Fig. 3' is a vector diagram of the fluxes in the two parts of the magnetic circuits of Figs. 1 vand 2, Figs. 5 and 6 are views of further modiiications of the elcctromagnet oic Fig. l.

Referring to the drawings, a voltagel core and a current core C 01" tlie usual lamina-ted construction are disposed with respect toveacli other in such mannerthat cooperating fluxes induced in them bywindings 12 andi, re-V spectively, actuate an aluminumor copper armature 11 in a'well-linown manner. The armature ll may be arranged to drive any type of recording or integrating device (not shown for the salte of clearness of illustration).

The voltage windingV 12 by a current proportional to-tneelectromotive force between two conductors 13 andld of an electrical power circuit by conductors 34 and 35 in jiarallel-circuit relation with the latter. rThe current winding 33 may be energized in accordance with the current traversing the conductor 111 by conductors 36 and 37 in electrical series relation therewith. l

My invention resides particularly in means for adjusting the phase' displacement of the voltage flux traversing the disc 11, that cooperates with the flux emanating from the current core C to produce a turning move-k ment of the disc 11. To this end, l provide a voltage magnet or core V with a plurality of fluxpaths 2and 3, having air gaps 6 and 10, respectively, and a common path 1. The flux path 2 comprises the common flux path leg 1, legs 4l and 5, air gap 6 and leg 7. rllhe flux path 3 comprises the common flux path leg 1, legs Sand 9 and the air gap 10.

Both of the flux paths 2and 3 have a linx that is induced in them by the voltage winding 12. However, the fluir induced in the path 3 is modified in phase position with respect to the ux in the path 2by means of a winding 17 that has a portion of its turns on the leg 4 and a portion of its turns on the leg 8. A variable resistor 68 is placed preferably in series-circuit relation with the winding 17 for varying the resistance of the latter for purposes that will be more fully set forth hereinafter. The flux traversing the path 2 may be modified -with respect to the voltage cross the conductors 13 and 14 by a winding 16 on the leg 1. The'winding 16 is also preferablyprovided with an adjustable resistor 15 for varying the resistance of its circuit.

The lengths of the air gaps 6 and 10 are preferably of Vsuch `magnnitude with respect to each other that the effect of the adjustable resistors is distributed. over the greatest fearsible range.V The air gap 6, that may comprise any substantially non-magnetic material, snch brass, as well as air, causes the flux traversing` the path 2 to lag behind the voltage across the conductors 13 and 14. Such lagging of the flux traversing the flux path 2 is augmented by the winding 16 that has a current gene-rated therein by the flux7 that tends to oppose the flux, in a usual and wellknown manner9 hence the flux traversing the path 2 lags the voltage across the conductors 13 and 111 by almost 90. 1n additionto this,

' the amount of lag of suoli flux with respect to such voltage may be varied by changing the Vresistance ofthe resistor 15 in the winding 16. The resistor 15 performs the above function by changing the magnitude of the current may be energized generated therein and hence the reluctance f to those flux in the leg 1 that traverses thev path 3.

Such flux is increased in magnitude by the winding 17 having a portion l0 on the leg 4 and a pertionil the leg 8V that are wound with respect to each other in such in iner that a current generated in the portion t() traverses the portion l1 and induces a flux in the path 3 in the same direction th flux induced by the secondary ampere turns of the winding 16. Practically or subs antially all'of the flux across the air gap 10 traverse the path 3, since thelow reluctance of the leg 1 causes most of the flux to follow the path through itself. Thus, a very accurate control ofboth the magnitude and phase position` of the flux traversin@ the )ath 8 ma be obu n q b a L -x tained by adgusting the resistors 15 ano. 36,

respectively, of theicoils 16 and 17.' The fluxV a copper ring, as shown in Fig. 2, and the The exciter winding 16 may be replaced by leo 'Z ma be arovided with a aro'ectine Der- Y n n l tion 18 extending toward the diseV 11. An auxiliary winding 19 may be located thereon and connected in series with the winding 12, the ampere turns of the winding lbeing added to that of the windings16 and 17.

Fig. 3 is a vector diagram ofthe active iuxes for the paths 2 and 3 in Figs. 1 and v2. @2 represents the flux for the` path 27 and @3 represents the tlux for the path 3. Thev flux Qhcomprises the components @k and @Ip The component @t arises by virtue of the short-circuited windings 16 and 1'?. The component @hv rises by virtue of the auxiliary winding 19. The con ponents of the flux @2 generated by the windings 12 and modilied by the windings'16 and 1'?, are not shown, in order not to complicate the drawing. E represents the line voltage vector. The component @h generated by the winding 19 alone,` lags behind the voltage E less than 900, and it has about the saine position as te phase as the exciter current in the winding 12. Theflux @2 lags 180,0. i flux may be brought into the range lof the -incter with special constants.

behind the voltage by a larger angle as it is iaused by the co-operation of the exciter winding with the secondary currents Vin the winds 16 and 17. These secondary currents lag behind the voltage by more than 180o. The component 01. of the flux due to vthese currents in windings 16an'd17 is inphase therewith. v

riisj the driving flux @3 comprises'tlie coinponcnts @n and k, which do not exist in reality, it lags behind the voltage by more than 900. It can be made to approach the component @n by reducingthe component QR, and it can be made to approach thecomponent @le by'reducing the component @h in phase. There is, therefore, no difliculty in ad- Y )usting the vector of the flux @3 within the angular space 20.

A. reversal of the winding 19 effects a moveinent'of. the flux component produced t ereby into the position {01,1, which is indicated by thebiolren lines in F 3. active flux itself is then in the position @13, and it may be moved within the'angular range 21 by varying the components @k rand @111,

Thesum of the angles and 21 equals Therefore the vector ofthe` driving angle 22, by reversing the voltage magnet with respect to the current magnet, which may be effected by reversing the exciter winding 12.

Nothing is changed in the essence of my invention if the short-circuited winding'l is, for exaniple,-. connected in the manner show-n in Fi ll, with the exciter winding l2 and the auxiliary winding 19. n A

The voltage magnet shown in Fig. corresponds in its action to the magnet of Fig. 2,

' anc distinguishes therefrom only 'in that each part of the magnetic circuit is divided into two halves, 2a', 2') and 3a, 3b.

In special meters, such as standard calibrating meters, itis desirable to be able to change from a meter measuring active energy to one measuring reactive energy, or' into a A switch may `ie providedl for this purpose in one or more of the secondary windings, by means of which the phase relation between the flux and the voltage may be varied. As shown in f3,

' the two ends of the winding 23 maybe connectedto the Contact members 2d, 25, which Y may be connected to each other by a glug 26.

rlhe windings and the air gap may loe so designed that al phase displacement of 900 is obtained with the winding 23 open, and a displacementof 1800 when the winding 23 is short-circuited. Y

While it is conceded thatmeans for ad- The justing the phasey displacement of meters are vknown and use d, m invention accomplishes results not realized inthe prior art in that it provides extremely simple and economic means for adjusting the .phase'displacement over the entire range of adjustment with comparatively small energy losses. ThisY makes possible the accurate metering of loadsl even at the lower frequencies. p

Many changes may `be made in my invention without departing from the spirit rand y scope of the same asset forth in the appended claims. Y l Y l I claim as my. invention:

1.` In an alternating current meter, a Vvoltage magnet for adjusting the phase displacement between the line voltage and the voltage flux; comprising a magnetic circuit di 2. In an alternating current meter, a voltage magnet adjustable for any phase dis-` placement between t-he line voltage and the voltage flux, comprising a magnetic circuit divided into two parallel paths, one of which is provided with an air gap and a voltage exciter winding, the other of which is provided with an activev air gap for a disc armature, a winding ofA variable impedance having parts connected in series circuit relation, a part being carriedv by each of said two parallel magnetic circuits, and a winding of variable impedance carried by said first named magnetic circuit.

3. In an induction meter, the combination with a voltage core having a plurality of iux paths, of means for inducing a flux in one kof said flux paths, means including a winding embracing both of said flux paths for vinducing a flux in an other of said iiux paths, and

ymeans including a variable resistor in circuit relation with said winding for affecting the induced flux in said other path. i

4.' In an induction meter,-the combination with a voltage core having a plurality efflux paths, eachintercepted by substantially nonmagnetic areas, of means for inducing a flux in one of said paths, means including a plurality of windings embracing said fiux paths for inducing a flux in another of said flux paths, and means including a variable resistor associated with one of said windings for affecting the phase of the induced flux in ALBERT cALLsEN. 

